Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Frederick Douglass A Old Man At The Age Of 20 - 1654 Words

Frederick Douglass, The History Frederick Douglass was one of the staples in African American history and was a well-educated anti-slavery activist that was passionate in African American’s freedom. At a young age, Douglass was thrust into the world of slavery but, nevertheless, was able to escape enslavement and become a powerful, anti-slavery and civil rights activist. Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, the abolitionist who was able to finally become a free man at the age of 20, was a prominent figure in African American history. After escaping to freedom, Frederick Bailey changed his name to what became the revered, intelligent lecturer and public speaker, Frederick Douglass. He composed several literary works, including A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and The Heroic Slave. He also delivered an address called, â€Å"What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?† in Rochester, New York on July 5th, 1852. Aiding former President Abraham Lincoln after the Emancipati on Proclamation, he also helped to recruit Black troops into the Union Army (â€Å"Notable Visitors: Frederick Douglass,† 2002-2015). He married Anna Murray in 1838 after they gained freedom, thus going on to have five children together (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2015). They remained married until her death in 1882 (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2015). Though there were many occurrences where Douglass could have given up on the wants for freedom, he never completely lost hope, norShow MoreRelatedHello World Essay505 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland. The date of his birth is estimated to be around the year 1818. His mother was a slave named Harriet Bailey. His father was generally acknowledged to be a white man, quite possibly his master, Captain Anthony. As a young boy, Douglass lived the typical life of a slave on a Southern plantation. He suffered through constant hunger and cold. He was also exposed to the extreme barbarity of slavery. In 1826, at the age of seven or eight, DouglassRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Prominent African American Social Reformer1127 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass was a prominent African American social reformer in the 1800’s. Frederick Douglass’s work includes 1,000 of speeches and autobiographies throughout his quest for reform. Douglass escaped slavery at the young age of 20 years old. He went on to spread his voice on social justice through a long profound, powerful, and influential career. Frederick Douglass’s famous Fourth of July speech has caused much criticism over the years. Douglass believed that on a day when white AmericansRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass926 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Life of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, written by himself, was published in 1845. Frederick Douglass is one of the most celebrated writers in the African American literary history, and his first autobiography is one of the most widely read slave narratives. Douglass tells his life from young to old and what he endured growing up. He shares major events that happened that involved history. It took many hardships for Douglass to become as successfulRead MoreFrederick Douglass And His Life1494 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass believed that all people were born equal, but he also believed that humans were not just automatically born free. He deduced that man has the innate instinctive ability to mold themselves into whoever they wanted to become. So, naturally self-improvement and education were two crucial aspects of Frederick’s life. To Douglass the most horrific thing about slavery was the fact that slaves were totally and completely precluded from and form of education, which prevented them fromRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An African American Reformer, Abolitionist, And Writer1062 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was an African American social reformer, abolitionist, and writer. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland on February1818 and he died on February 20, 1895. And was named by his mother, Harriet Bailey. But the exact date of Douglass birth is unknown. After escaping from slavery, he becomes a leader of the abolitionist movement. He know that as a living counterRead MoreSlavery within the Eyes of Frederick Douglass Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would it be like if we were a part of the slave years? To get an inside look of slavery we look through the eyes of a former slave Frederick Douglass. Through his experience of being grown into slavery in the south made him re-evaluate his life knowing he was worth more than being treated as someone else’s property. Not only was Douglass a part of the plantation system, city life, and brutal whipping but he was put into history as a great role model defining the true meaning of life. All peopleRead MoreLife Of Frederick Douglas And Benito Cerano Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact† (Lyndon B. Johnson). Frederick Douglas and Herman Melville lived in the same time for almost the same length of time. Herman Melville lived from August, 1819 – September 28, 1891, while Frederick Douglass lived from February, 1818 – February 20, 1895. Yet these two narratives couldn’t have been more different. While taking a look at the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas and Benito Cerano we can see these two insights of their world. IRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Yolanda Moreno Hist 1301 TR 9-10:20 November 10, 2016 This essay would be about the institution of slavery. Based on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass to see how Frederick Douglass went through during the 1800s. How it affected his life and the people in it. Discussing more detailed on the effects of slavery on children and/or families, the type of education, the religion, and the violence that Frederick Douglass went through and talkedRead MoreI Learned The Harshness Of What Many Underwent1226 Words   |  5 PagesThese people, different ages, strengths, mental capacity, did not know of anything else, but this way of life. Some have only heard of what being free meant, and there was some who tried getting free, some succeeded and some unfortunately did not. Slavery not only impacted the ones undergoing this servitude by lowering their sense of identity, but also heavily impacted the abolitionists, because it could put them in grave danger. In this book, I found it interesting how Douglass started off saying â€Å"IRead MoreFrederick Douglass Motif of Animals1045 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2011 Douglass: Motif of Animals In today’s society, almost all people are seen the same way, people have faults about them and have different traits, but all are considered human, men and woman are able to hold the same positions and jobs, and people of all races are able to live together in society. Frederick Douglass was born, and raised, a slave in the 1800s; life was very different, African Americans and white Americans were not seen as equals. As a young boy, Douglass was sent to

Monday, December 23, 2019

Essay about Analysis of Chapters 1 through 8 of Great...

Analysis of Chapters 1 through 8 of Great Expectations Plot and Setting- The plot starts out with a little boy name Phillip Pirrip. It is a first person narrative about a boy back in the nineteenth century. The first eight chapters deal mostly with Pip’s childhood years. It also deals with who Pip is, and his family. In the beginning of the story Pip introduces himself, and introduces his dead parents. He is in the graveyard, and then a scary looking man comes up. The man threatens him. The plot of the story I think is good because it deals a lot with the struggles in a child. He has no one to turn to. The author really helped us relate to the story. Pip gets in trouble at Christmas time. He gets hit with â€Å"The Tickler†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Miss Havisham secretly wants Estella to break Pip’s heart. She is a very obscure lady. Biddy is a character that cares very much for Pip. She understands Pip more than Pip does. Pip doesn’t like Biddy, because she is to common. She is the better girl though. Personal Response- So far I really enjoy the book. Charles Dickens really pulls me into the book. He uses great figurative language that makes you feel sorry for a character. The people in this book seem so innocent and harmless. Well, except the guy that threatened Pip. They all also seem to live hard lives. They don’t have all the benefits that we have today. They have to scrounge around for stuff we never would have to scrounge around for. What is really neat about it, is that they get an enjoyment out of life. They are not well off either. I can’t wait to read on further into Charles Dickens novel. Vocabulary- So far in this novel there is no vocabulary that really comes to mind. I though I would use this section to talk about figurative language. Charles Dickens uses a lot of figurative language. He says that when Pip goes up into his room, he is in the dark. Literally that means he does not have a candle, so therefore he is in the dark. Figuratively we can interpret it in many ways. One way is to say that Pip isn’t a very smart kid. He is and ignorant person. When someone says that someone is in the dark, they usually mean that they are naà ¯ve. Later on in the story, PipShow MoreRelatedHow Effective Leadership Leads The Great Creativity And Innovation Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesLeads To Great Creativity And Innovation Name Institution Subject Instructor Date Abstract Table of contents Abstract 2 List of Figures 3 List of tables 3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background (1000words) 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Background to the study 4 1.3 The research problem 4 1.4 Rationale (reason for the study) 4 1.5 Aims and objectives of the study 4 1.6 Research questions 4 1.7 The relevance of the study 4 1.8 Structure of the dissertation 5 Chapter 2 LiteratureRead MoreOrganisational Culture and Motivation1496 Words   |  6 PagesProposed Methodology Project Plan Sources of Reading INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE As Desson and Clouthier (2010) state, culture is an important factor in both attracting and retaining desirable employees. The extent to which an employee’s needs and expectations are fulfilled will determine the motivation, job satisfaction and performance levels (Mullins, 2005, p. 499) which would be influenced by culture. XY Ltd (XY) established in 1944 has become the market leader in sea trade in Sri Lanka at presentRead MoreStrategy Book Reviews and Five Product Strategy Plans1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbooks and then begin the strategy planning process for five different products. The three books shy away from advocating old school Porter’s concepts and instead recommend strategic innovation since modern market environments are dynamic. Book 1: Thinkers 50 Strategy Crainer and Dearlove (2014) discuss the evolution of strategy concepts from early military strategists (Sun Tzu) to more recent influential works such as Michael Porter’s ‘Five Forces’, Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad’s resource-basedRead MoreRoles of Human Resource in Managing Employee Expectation for the Success of Merger8242 Words   |  33 PagesROLES OF HUMAN RESOURCE IN MANAGING EMPLOYEE EXPECTATION INFLUENCE THE SUCCESS OF MERGER ACQUISITION By KASMARIZA KASSIM A project paper submitted to Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia in fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Human Resource Management 1 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ix xiii xiv CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Background Study Problem Statement ResearchRead MoreThe Important and Vital Functions of the Human Resources Department1351 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions are essential for an organization. Most of the other vital functions being perceived as crucial for an organization will be supported by suitable examples. Other Important HR Functions Other important functions identified in organizations are: 1. Recruitment and employee selections in the best interest of the organization to meet the short and long term goals of the organization. 2. Utilization of human capital resources to the fullest capacity of the organization. 3. To keep a balance betweenRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of An Individual837 Words   |  4 PagesWhen an individual has good conceptual skills they are thinking, processing information, and develops good planning abilities. When a person develops great human skills that manager shows signs of encouraging employee’s participation, motivates, facilitates, coordinates, leads, communicates, and resolves conflicts. Promotes respect from employees instead of fear. When a manager has technical skills they comprehend various methods, techniques, analytical ability, knowledge, and show superb signs ofRead MoreThe Tools of Strategic Analysis1545 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 What is Strategy and the Strategic Management Process? Copyright  © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 1-1 The Tools of Strategic Analysis Walt Disney Company 1984 Profits: $242 Million Theme Park Operations: 77 percent of profits Consumer Products: 22 percent of profits Filmed Entertainment: 1 percent of profits Copyright  © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 1-2 The Tools of Strategic Analysis Walt Disney Company Read MorePersonal Economics : Personal Finance1049 Words   |  5 Pagesyou thinking about personal finance issues at a point in your life when you still have time to benefit from the power of time in generating wealth to accomplish your other life goals. The financial decisions you make early in life with determine in great extent the quality of life you will enjoy later, especially given the turbulent and uncertain economic conditions. Money isn’t everything, but a lack of it will impact almost every aspect of your life and those who surround you. This course willRead MoreOverachievers by Alexandra Robbins1440 Words   |  6 Pagesseventeen clear straightforward parts: chapters one through seventeen. Chapter 1: In the first chapter Robbins introduces the students she followed along with the overachiever culture that has rearranged high schools only purpose into getting students into the most prestigious Colleges and Universities rather than the school that would be the best fit for each student. Chapter 2: Chapter two, Robbins explains the impact of Asian culture and expectations on Asian American students, especiallyRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Assessment Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pages1. What was the Chapter # and name of the Assessment? The chapter number is five and the name of the assessment is Ethical Work Climate. 2. What was the purpose of the Assessment? The purpose of the assessment is to help rate the ethical work climate of a previous job, and to help me identify what I think the ideal ethical work climate would be. 3. What was your score/result on the Assessment and What does it mean? The actual rating that I gave the organization was a 30, and the ideal ethical

Sunday, December 15, 2019

External Enviroment Free Essays

Question 1 The external environment of a firm plays a very important role in the operations of the organization. Why is it important for organization in the Pacific to learn and know about what is happening in their external environment? Use examples to explain a least 5 elements in the external environment. The business dictionary defines external environment as conditions, entities, events, and factors surrounding an organization that influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks. We will write a custom essay sample on External Enviroment or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this definition we can identify that external environment plays a vital role in the operations of organization. For an organization in the Pacific to maintain its longevity and productivity in the competitive world of business it is very important to be alert and attentive to the world surrounding it in terms of entities, events, and factors surrounding it that will influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks thus maintain its competitive edge. Technological Element The organization must be technologically efficient. Computers are now the main mode of communication. It knows no barrier. It travels through time and space, continents, companies and what not. A press of a button from Fiji can enable you to communicate with someone thousand and thousand of kilometers away living in United Kingdom. It is very important that they invest in technology through equipment, training and recruitment to be able to impact in the economy. â€Å"Never before in history has innovation offered promise of so much to so many in so short a time. †Ã‚   –Bill Gates (http://voices. ahoo. com/great-technology-quotes-sayings-5759728. html? cat=15) â€Å"The medium, or process, of our time – electric technology is reshaping and restructuring patterns of social interdependence and every aspect of our personal life. It is forcing us to reconsider and re-evaluate practically every thought, every action,†Ã‚   –Marshall McLuhan (http://voices. yahoo. com/great-technology-quotes-sayings-5759728 . html? cat=15) Eg. The use of ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) by commercial banks in the region has made banking effective and efficient. No longer have people be involved in long lines wait to be served. The work of two to three people have been made easier by a single machine. In a Fiji Times interview the ANZ Bank CEO Vishnu Mohan explained that, [1]ANZ customers can now carry out quick and timely automatic teller machine (ATM) transactions. . Economic Element The organization must also be aware of economic development, events and activities regionally and globally. ———————– [1] (Fiji Times, 3rd October, 2012, ATM Upgrade) How to cite External Enviroment, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Managing Organization and Leading People Education and Development

Question: Discuss about theManaging Organization and Leading People for Education and Development. Answer: Introduction One of the challenges in share vision is the lack of connection between the purpose of the work and the large group of organizational people. The division of any organization between the insiders and the outsiders makes the organizational connection and communication very much fragile. The non-transformation of the personal vision to the shared vision is another challenge faced by the leaders. Another major problem is to lead a multicultural workforce in a multicultural organization. The leaders of such organization have to make a lot of time to study the behaviors of that workforce and then they make strategies accordingly (Lisak and Erez 2015). Internal factors can be seen within the organization and the organizations have control over them. Some of the internal factors that a leader should consider are the internal communication of the organizations, the employees of the organization, the internal structure of the organization and others. On the other hand, external factors are those factors which are out of the control of the organization. Some of the major external factors that the leaders should consider are the economical condition of the country, the external communication procedure and the customers of the organizations. These factors have impacts on the organization (Ochieng et al. 2013). There are certain steps that can be taken to ensure the success of multicultural leadership in an organization. First of all, the employees of the company need to be aware about the vision of the organization. On the other hand, the employees of the organization need to be motivated continuously. In order to minimize the probability of organizational conflicts, the employees need to be felt that they all are like a family in the organization. The leadership structure of the organization should be flexible so that the skills and expertise of the leaders can give the organization a competitive advantage (Chuang 2013). References Chuang, S.F., 2013. Essential skills for leadership effectiveness in diverse workplace development.Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development,6(1), p.5. Lisak, A. and Erez, M., 2015. Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics.Journal of World Business,50(1), pp.3-14. Ochieng, E.G., Price, A.D.F., Ruan, X., Egbu, C.O. and Moore, D., 2013. The effect of cross-cultural uncertainty and complexity within multicultural construction teams.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,20(3), pp.307-324.

Friday, November 29, 2019

How Corporate Taxes Help Our Economy free essay sample

This paper examines the national debate on corporate taxes and its effect on the United States economy. This paper explores the issues and history of corporate taxation. Corporations are taxed at a rate depending on their income. This paper discusses the pros and cons of dropping the corporate tax, the methods which can be used to drop or lower corporate taxes and why. The paper includes charts and statistics concerning corporate taxes. Table of Contents I. The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax II. The 1986 Tax Reform Act III. How Does Taxes Affect Business IV. Corporate Tax Rates V. Decline of the Corporate Income Tax VI. Why the Wide Range Between State and Corporate Taxes VII. How Does Corporate Tax Work with Multi-state Manufacturers? VIII. Does the Corporate Tax Help IX. Proposals of Corporate Income Tax X. Need of Stimulus XI. Future Research Concerning Corporate Taxes XII. Conclusions XIII. Works Cited Where did the corporate income tax begin? How does it affect our economy? What is the future of the corporate income tax? Will deleting corporate income tax be the answer for the economy? What about cutting part of this tax? How does the corporate income tax help the economy? These are questions that will be answered in this paper as well as how the corporate tax is affecting our economy now. We will write a custom essay sample on How Corporate Taxes Help Our Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax How the corporate tax began is an example of why tax systems can be worse than they should be and how little influence the economic profession has on government policy (Norton 2). Sometimes ideals look great when they are not that sound. Corporate taxes were used during wartime until 1909, when Congress enacted a 1 percent tax on corporation income. The rate increased until 1932 to 12.5 percent when the rate was changed to the progressive rates. Norton stated, Surtaxes on corporate income were added for excess profits during both world wars. The highest peacetime rate, 52.8 percent, was reached in the sixties (2).

Monday, November 25, 2019

Habits and Traits of Centipedes, Class Chilopoda

Habits and Traits of Centipedes, Class Chilopoda Taken literally, the name centipede means one hundred feet. While they do have a lot of legs, the name is really a misnomer. Centipedes can have anywhere from 30 to over 300 legs, depending on the species. Class Chilopoda Characteristics Centipedes belong to the phylum Arthropoda and share all the characteristic arthropod traits with their cousins (insects and spiders). But beyond that, centipedes are in a class by themselves: the class Chilopoda. Description Centipede legs extend visibly from the body, with the final pairs of legs trailing behind it. This allows them to run quite fast, either in pursuit of prey or in flight from predators. Centipedes have just one pair of legs per body segment, a key distinction from millipedes. The centipede body is long and flattened, with a long pair of antennae protruding from the head. A modified pair of front legs functions as fangs used to inject venom and immobilize prey. Diet Centipedes prey on insects and other small animals. Some species also scavenge on dead or decaying plants or animals. Giant centipedes, which inhabit South America, feed on much larger animals, including mice, frogs, and snakes. While house centipedes may be creepy to find in the home, you might want to think twice about harming them. House centipedes feed on insects, including the egg cases of cockroaches. Life Cycle Centipedes may live for as long as six years. In tropical environments, centipede reproduction usually continues year-round. In seasonal climates, centipedes overwinter as adults and reemerge from their sheltered hideaways in spring. Centipedes undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, with three life stages. In most centipede species, females lay their eggs in soil or other damp organic matter. The nymphs hatch and go through a progressive series of molts until they reach adulthood. In many species, young nymphs have fewer pairs of legs than their parents. With each molt, the nymphs gain more pairs of legs. Special Adaptations and Defenses When threatened, centipedes use a number of different strategies to defend themselves. Large, tropical centipedes dont hesitate to attack and can inflict a painful bite. Stone centipedes use their long hind legs to throw a sticky substance at their attackers. The centipedes that live in the soil dont usually try to retaliate. Instead, they curl into a ball to protect themselves. House centipedes choose flight over fight, skittering quickly out of harms way.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Understanding Financial Statements (Summative Assignment) Essay

Understanding Financial Statements (Summative Assignment) - Essay Example This causes controversies within the organization (ii) The company should institute a good renumerations policy that will not bring controversies among the members. The policy should set the salary towards performance and there should be relation between them. The company should also have control systems that are geared to budgeting. The systems should propagate the vision ad mission of the organization of making profits. This will also deter other mechanisms that may hinder the profitability of the firm. The income statements of Sandrell Company have revealed the money that company generated, the money spent and the profit. The gross margin has increased from 10% to 19.4% from 2012 to 2013.Ordinarily the gross margin indicates the percentage of sales that is available for the expenses and also revealing the profits. Sandrell company has doubled its gross margin implying that it will have excessive money to spend on other expenses and get enough money to venture on the expansion process to the Western Europe. This upward trend of the gross margin is good since the company will not suffer insolvency and therefore the profitability of the company will rise. This is a positive impact on Sandells financial performance. Profit margin reveals the profits per sales after the deduction of expenses from the sales. The profit margin has increased. This upward trend in the profit margin is vital towards the future expansion Sandells Company. Higher profit margin is essential for the growth of the company for it gives the company more advantage over its competition. This gives it protection and the cushioning and prevents the company from collapsing. This is a positive impact on the financial performance of Sandells financial performance. This will enable the company to increase its market share in the long run and experience increased profitability. Return of Capital Employed (ROCE) is vital for

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Polycarp (ca,69-155) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polycarp (ca,69-155) - Research Paper Example The Catholic literature identifies the fundamental texts from which information about the life and works of Polycarp are to be found, and they are the following: St. Ignatius epistles; the Epistle to the Philippians by Polycarp; details of Polycarps martyrdom, as detailed in the Letter to the Smyrnaeans; and various St. Irenaeus text passages. It is noteworthy that the original letters to the seven Asian churches includes Smyrna, in Turkey, as one of those original churches, rooting Polycarp and his church in the center of that movement in history to Revelations, indicating the degree to which Polycarp and his church was persecuted by the political and religious establishment of the time (Knight 2009; Kiefer 2014). The text The Martyrdom of Polycarp in particular narrates of the suffering and death of Polycarp in defense of the faith. He was put on the stake and there burned, and finally stabbed to death. He died at age 86, in 156 AD, and was stabbed to death when the fire at the stake failed to kill him. This is the first fully documented account of a martyrdom in the early church. Polycarp is also noteworthy for being a direct disciple of one of the original disciples of Jesus, in John the Apostle, and it was from John that Polycarp was granted the authority to head the Christian church in Smyrna, where he was given the title of bishop. It was St. Jerome who narrated this. These latter details were put on record by Tertulian, as well as by Irenaeus. The extent of his influence is reflected in the way Polycarp has come to be considered a saint not just within the Catholic church, but also in the various Orthodox churches, among the Lutheran congregations, and among Anglicans (Knight 2009; Cat holic Online 2013; Franciscan Media Copyright 2012). One gets a sense of the importance of Polycarps life and times in the way he had been a faithful first-hand witness

Monday, November 18, 2019

US Role in the Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

US Role in the Middle East - Research Paper Example Over a certain period of time, the US influence has increased in the Middle East in order to ensure that stability is maintained in the region. To achieve the objectives of strengthening democracy, achieving stability as well as economic development, the United States has remained one of the most instrumental players in the region. However, it is critical to note that the overall role of the US is not just maintaining stability but also to gain more and more control of oil and other energy resources available in the region. Therefore, the economic interest is perceived as one of the key reasons as to why the US and other powers actively pursue stability within the region. However, it is critical that the US and other superpowers should not directly be involved in the overall affairs of the Middle East as their involvement is largely driven by their self-interests rather than the welfare of people living in the region. This paper will argue that US involvement in the Middle East is largely based on its economic interests. Like most of the world, the Middle East also remained under the occupation of colonial forces and the region as a whole has its own history of fighting colonialism. However, years of stereotyping and general dissent against Islam, western powers including the US continued to pursue in order to further their own national interests. Years of economic interests in the region and the deliberate role of the US in the region has created a negative impression about the Middle East and Arabs. Even films made in modern times have depicted Arabs as bad people from rogue states with evil objectives. (Shah) Therefore, many see the role of US in the Middle East from a cultural and historical perspective because this was the region, which effectively fought against during Crusades and occupied parts of Europe

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Intrusion Detection System Using Node-Predictive Attack

Intrusion Detection System Using Node-Predictive Attack Intrusion Detection System Using Node-Predictive Attack Graph Model for Cloud Ambikavathi C Dr.S.K.Srivatsa Abstract- The role of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in security world is considered as a key requirement for any computing model. This traditional methodology can add its own contribution of security to the distributed Cloud environment. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the steps that are needed to be taken in order to efficiently implement the IDS in cloud environment. The proposed system uses node predictive attack graph to correlate the newly occurred attacks with known attacks. The prediction steps are used to later monitor the environment and control the attacks. Keywords-Attack Graph; Cloud Computing; IDS ,; I. INTRODUCTION A. What is Cloud computing? Cloud computing is â€Å"a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction†[1]. This cloud model is co mposed of three service models, four deploy ment models and five essential characteristics . The three service models are So ftware as a Service (SaaS), Platfo rm as a Se rvice (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The four deployment models are private cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud and community cloud. The five essential characteristics of cloud are on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service. B. What is IDS? Intrusion detection systems are software or hardware systems that automate the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network, analyzing them for malicious activities or policy violations and produces reports to a management station. IDSs a rehost-based, network-based and distributed IDSs. Hos t based IDS (HIDS) monitors specific host machines, network-based IDS (NIDS) identifies intrusions on key network points and distributed IDS (DIDS) operates both on host as well as network [7]. IDS can be a valuable addition to the security arsenal. IDS performs the following functionalities : Monitoring and analyzing both user and system activities .Analyzing system configurations and vulnerabilities .Assessing system and file integrity.Ability to recognize patterns typical of attacks.Analysis of abnormal activity patterns.Tracking user policy violations.The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service. Virtualization alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware. This introduces an additional layer virtualization that itself must be properly configured, managed and secured. Specific concerns include the potential to compromise the virtualization software, or hypervisor. So virtual machine security is essential in cloud environment. C. Attack Graph Attack graphs are used to determine how vulnerable their systems are and to determine what security measures to deploy to defend their systems. In the predictive attack graph, a node represents a host and an edge represents vulnerability. The predictive attack graph representation accurately forecasts the effect of removing vulnerabilities by removing edges from the attack graph. The predictive attack graph is the full attack graph with redundant paths removed. A path is considered redundant if the path contains the same vulnerability-host pair in two or mo replaces along the same attack path. In node predictive attack graph, a node can be host or a group of hosts, and an edge can be vulnerability or a group of vulnerabilities. The node predictive attack graph is a simplified version of the predictive attack graph. The node predictive attack graph’s purpose is to mitigate the effects of â€Å"firewall explosion.† Firewall explosion causes redundancy in the predictive gr aph. Thus, the node predictive attack graph mitigates this issue by merging nodes of the attack graph. Two nodes are merged if the attacker can compromise the two hosts from all hosts the attacker has already compromised. [16] Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II discusses about the related work done. Proposed system is described briefly in section III. Section IV, presents the implementation part of EIDS and section V concludes with references at the end. II. RELATED WORK In this section, we present related research to our proposed work: Intrusion detection in cloud and attack graph models. A. Anomaly based IDS Anomaly or behavior based detection [7] refers to techniques that define and characterize normal or acceptable behaviors of the system (e.g., CPU usage, job execution time , system ca lls). Behaviors that deviate fro m the expected normal behavior are considered intrusions. Generation of high false alarms is the major drawback of this type which leads to low detection efficiency. But it is able to detect new attack patterns. Here, Input parameter selection and analysis of ciphered data are tedious processes . It attains low throughput but high cost. Metrics and frame work to evaluate this IDS and compare with alternate IDS techniques is in need. Also it is poor in defending themselves from attacks. To avoid false alarms in anomaly based systems the system must be trained to create the appropriate user profiles. It requires extensive training to characterize normal behavior patterns. B. Signature based I DS Signature or Misuse based detection refers to techniques that characterize known methods to penetrate a system. These penetrations are characterized as a ‘pattern’ or a ‘signature’ that the IDS looks for. The pattern/signature might be a static string or a set sequence of actions[9]. It can only detect known attacks. Frequent updation is needed in the database for signatures of new attacks. The advantages of this IDS are, it generates less number of false alarms. A single signature can detect a group of attacks. It does not require extensive training. C. Fuzzy based IDS Fuzzy logic can be used to deal with inexact description of intrusions. It provides some flexibility to the uncertain problem of intrusion detection. Fuzzy logic techniques[5] are used for classification techniques. The classification algorithm is applied to audit data collected which learns to classify new audit data as normal or abnormal data. It allows greater complexity for IDS while it provides some flexibility to the uncertain problem of IDS. Most fuzzy IDS require human intervention to determine fuzzy sets and set of fuzzy rules . D. Artificial Neural Network based The goal of using ANNs for intrusion detection[5] is to be able to generalize data from incomplete data and to be able to classify data as being normal or intrusive. It is best because of it’s self learning capabilities , quick processing and can find small behaviour deviations. But it’s downside is it requires more tra ining sa mples and time consuming. E. Data Mining based IDS Some intrusion attacks are formed based on known attacks or variant of known attacks. To detect such signatures or attacks, signature apriori algorithm can be used, which finds frequent subset (containing some features of original attack) of given attack set. In Cloud, association rules can be used to generate new signatures. Using newly generated signatures, variations of known attacks can be detected in real time[5]. F. Profile based IDS In VM profile based IDS[12], a profile is created for each virtual machine in cloud that describes network behavior of each clouduser. The behavior gathered is then used for detection of network attacks on cloud. It detects the attacks early with robustness and minimum complexity. G. Entropy based IDS Entropy is, in general, used for measuring the data’s degree of impurity using a Threshold value. Entropy based anomaly detection system[14] is mainly proposed to prevent DDoS attacks. This is done in two steps. First users are allowed to pass through a router in network site. It detects for legitimate user using detection algorithm. Second again it passes through a router in cloud site. In this methodology confirmation algorithm is incorporated to detect the intruder by checking a threshold value. H. Multithreaded IDS Multithreading technique improves IDS performance within Cloud computing environment to handle large number of data packet flows. The proposed multi-threaded NIDS[8][4] is based on three modules named: capture module, analysis module and reporting module. The first one is responsible of capturing data packets and sending them to analysis part which analyzes them efficiently through matching against pre-defined set of rules and distinguishes the bad packets to generate alerts. Finally, the reporting module can read alerts and immediately prepare alert report. The authors conducted simulation experiments to show the effectiveness of their proposed method and compared it with single thread which presented high performance in terms of processing and execution time. However, the problem of detecting new types of attacks still needs many works to be done. I. Integrated model IDS It uses the combination two or more o f above techniques. It is advantageous since each technique has some advantages and drawbacks. Grid and Cloud Computing Intrusion Detection System (GCCIDS)[10] proposed the integration of knowledge and behavior analysis to detect specific intrusions. However, the proposed prototype cannot discover new types of attacks or create an attack database which must be considered during implementing IDS. A new integrated intrusion detection approach, called FCA NN[13] is proposed based on ANN and fuzzy clustering. Through fuzzy clustering technique, the heterogeneous training set is divided to several homogenous subsets. Thus complexity of each sub training set is reduced and consequently the detection performance is increased. J. Graph based IDS A graph is constructed in which nodes represent state of attack and edges represent the correlations between attacks. Queue graph, Dependency graph and Attack graph are the existing works done on IDS. To prevent vulnerable virtual machines from be ing compromised in the cloud, a multiphase distributed vulnerability detection, measurement, and countermeasure selection mechanism called NICE[2] is proposed, which is built on attack graph-based analytical models and reconfigurable virtual network-based countermeasures. III. PROP OSED WORK In this section, we describe how to construct and utilize node predictive attack graph model to handle vulnerabilities in cloud environ ment. Any attack has some set of predefined steps to incorporate it. An attack can only be accomplished when all its pre-conditions are met [11]. So that by keen monitoring the attack can be prevented. An attack graph is an abstraction that represents the ways an attacker can violate a security policy by leveraging interdependencies among discovered vulnerabilities. An attack graph can be generated from network configuration details and known vulnerabilities within the network. An attack path is a sequence of steps that starts from an attacker’s initial state to the attacker’s goal state (security policy violation) in an attack graph. Every virtual machine has it’s own logfile for recording the actions of that virtual machine. Th is logfile along with the knowledge base provides information for constructing attack graph. Fig. 1. Proposed Architecture IV. IMPLEMENTATION EIDS is implemented using Openebula[15] and OSSIM (Open Source – Security Information Management)[3] which comprises of traffic analyzers, vulnerability scanners. OS-SIM is embedded as a virtual mach ine in the c loud environment. The ro le of this virtual machine is to monitor all other virtual machines running in the environment. OSSIM provides a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solution. It is a one-stop solution and integrated the open source software’s NTOP, Mrtg, Snort, Open VAS, and Nmap. OSSIM is a cost effective solution in the area of monitoring network health and security of network/hosts compared to other propriety products[6]. A. Attack Analyzer Attack Analyzer is built on the top the traffic Analyzer of OS-SIM. It uses each virtual machine’s logfile to analyze and extract attack trace steps. Whenever an attack occurs it is added to the attack graph as a node along with its state and correlation function is invoked. Attack Graph Attack Graph Generator Alert System Knowledge Base Attack Analyzer B. Correlation function Correlation function correlates this new attack with known attacks and gives the prediction steps for this attack. These prediction steps for each attack are used to monitor the further attacks in future. C. Attack Graph Generator Each node in the graph defines an attack and the edge between nodes represent the correlation between that two attacks. V. CONCLUSION Defending distributed environment is difficult. Always prevention is better than cure. Prediction of Intrusions in prior enhances the security of cloud environment. So that predictive attack graph model is chosen for providing security to the distributed cloud environment. At any point the known attacks are correlated with each other to predict new attacks. REFERENCES: [1] NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology ) http://csrc.nist.gov/p ublications/nistp ubs/800-145/SP800-145.p df [2] Chun-Jen Chung, Pankaj Khatkar, Tiany i Xing Jeongkeun Lee, Dijian g Huan g, â€Å"NICE: Network Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure Selection in Virtual Network Systems†, IEEE Transactions On Dependable And Secure Computing, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 198 – 211, July /August 2013. [3] â€Å"OSSIM †, https://www.alienvault.com/ [4] Ms. Parag K. Shelke, M s. Sneha Sontakke, Dr. A. D. Gawande, â€Å"Intrusion Detection Sy stem for Cloud Comp uting†, International Journal of Scientific Technology Research Volume 1, Issue 4, M ay 2012. [5] M odi, C., Patel, D., Patel, H., Borisaniy a, B., Patel, A. Rajarajan, M ., â€Å"A survey of intrusion detection techniques in Cloud†, Journal of Network and Computer App lications. [6] â€Å"OSSIM †, http ://www.op ensourceforu.com/2014/02 /top -10-op en-source-security -tools/ [7] Amirreza Zarrabi, Alireza Zarrabi, â€Å"Internet Intrusion Detection Sy stem Service in a Cloud† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 5, No 2, Sep tember 2012. [8] I. Gul and M . Hussain, â€Å"Distributed Cloud Intrusion Detection M odel†, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, vol. 34, pp. 71-82, 2011. [9] R. Bhadauria, R. Chaki, N. Chak i, and S. Sany al â€Å"A Survey on Secur ity Issues in Cloud Comp uting†, Available at: http ://arxiv.org/abs/1109.5388 [10] K. Vieira, A. Schulter, C.B. Westp hall, and C.M . Westphall, â€Å"Intrusion Detection for Grid and Cloud comp uting†, IT Professional, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, p p. 38-43, 2010. [11] X. Ou and A. Singhal, â€Å"Quantitative Secur ity Risk Assessment of Enterp rise Networks†, Sp ringerBriefs in Comp uter Scien ce, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1860-3_2,  © The Author(s) 2012 [12] Sanchik a Gupta, Padam Kumar and Ajith Abraham, â€Å"A Profile Based Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for Secur in g Cloud Env ironment†, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Feb 2013 [13] Swati Ramteke, Rajesh Dongare, Ko mal Ramteke, â€Å"Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Network Using FC-ANN Algorithm†, Int. Journal of Advanced R esearch in Comp uter and Communication En gineeringVo l. 2, Issue 4, April 2013. [14] A.S.Sy ed Navaz, V.San geetha, C.Prabhadevi, â€Å"Entropy based Anomaly Detection System to Prevent DDoS Attacks in Cloud†, Int. Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 62– No.15, January 2013 [15] â€Å"Op ennebula†, http ://opennebula.org [16] Nwokedi C. Idika, â€Å"Characterizin g and A ggregating Attack Grap h-based Security M etrics†, CERIAS Tech Rep ort 2010

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Borderline Personality Disorder Essays -- Psychology Psychological Hea

Borderline personality disorder "is defined in the DSM IV, a manual used by psychiatrists to diagnose all mental disorders, as an AXIS II disorder which has symptoms of impulsively and emotional dysregulation" (Livesley 146). A person with BPD has feelings of abandonment and emptiness, and has "frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, going to extremes to keep someone from leaving" (Burger 300). He or she is emotionally unstable and forms intense but unstable interpersonal relationships. They show impulsive behavior, such as spending money, sex, eating and substance abuse. Borderlines engage in self-manipulating behaviors and recurrent suicide attempts and thoughts. "Their behavior can be seen as maladaptive methods of coping with constant emotional pain" (Livesley 144). "Personality includes those aspects of a person's thinking, moods and behavior which affect his or her relationship with others" (Livesley 98). Differences in personality style (traits) add color and variety to relationships but may become too extreme, inflexible or maladaptive, significantly impairing a person's ability to function. When a person is not able to deal with people or problems of the environment, he or she is said to have a Personality Disorder (Livesley 99). "Originally the term borderline was used to refer to individuals whose adjustment was on the borderline between normal and psychotic" (Holmes 393). Today borderline personality disorder is primarily marked by instability, showing different symptoms at different times. Most of the symptoms revolve around problems of mood, mild disturbance in thought processes, and impulsive self-injurious behavior (Holmes 393). All of this prevents the borderline to have interpersonal relationships. Individuals with the borderline personality disorder tend to have intense relationships that are very unstable. "Frequent interpersonal conflict, unstable, stormy relationships are characteristics of a borderline; Relationships usually have "love and hate characteristics" (Durand 334). Individuals with this disorder do not simply drift in and out of friendships, but instead show abrupt, frequent and dramatic changes between "intense love and equally intense hate" (Durand 334) in any one relationship. The fluctuations in their mood, involved with their anger; involved with their thought disturbances, and mixed with their paranoid thoughts ab... ...ometimes symptoms can go unnoticed or are misunderstood. "Persons with BPD may often be thought of as manipulative or as attention-seeking (Burger 134). They can sometimes "act as if" they are okay. "People with BPD need validation and acknowledgment of the pain they struggle to live with as well as compassion without blame or judgments (Durand 99). Family members should always take suicidal statements and threats seriously and alert a mental health professional as soon as possible. "Education for family members cannot be stressed enough (Durand 99). Families need to learn all they can about BPD so that they can advocate for appropriate treatment for their loved ones. Informed families are then better able to deal with the stigma often encountered from mental health professionals. Instability might not even do borderlines justice, (Burger 199) chaotic is the best word to describe the life of a borderline. Their lives are intense their friendships abrupt. BPD is extremely painful to the patients, their families and to society. People with BPD experience intense emotions and are very vulnerable. They are among the most intensive and extensive utilizes of mental health services.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Knowledge Development In Nursing

Knowledge development in nursing has been somewhat of a hot topic in the more scholastic endeavors of the profession for quite some time. As the profession grew from a focus centered on treating physical symptoms and conditions to a more well-rounded approach that considered psychological, social, and spiritual needs in addition to physical illness, the need to break down the process of knowledge development arose.By utilizing nursing theories, which support the use of evidenced based practice in most cases, it seems as though the profession of nursing gained more credibility in the scientific community as far as the value of the knowledge produced; I feel that utilizing processes akin to those already accepted as prudent by more ‘established’ scientific fields helped achieve that credibility.In order to get to nursing theories, however, the process had to begin with a philosophical component that can allow for a separation from concrete/ scientific knowledge, among othe r things, in order to promote more abstract concepts and different methods to look at how we come to that knowledge. McCurry (2009) touches on this premise as she describes how a common theme, in this case the common good of society, can be looked at from many different perspectives, as it creates an arena in which those perspectives can be arranged to determine how to go about investigating the perspectives further.Although it wasn’t the center piece of the article, one highlight was a breakdown of how more abstract thoughts can be linked to the application of intentional actions through the use of theories, which stems from philosophical questions. Philosophy lays the ground work for knowledge production to be built upon. In a way, Kim (1999) echoed these sentiments as she discusses critical reflective inquiry and its applications in relation to pain management in a South Korean hospital setting.She admits that nursing has situations in which our therapeutic actions can be supported by one theory and conflicted by another. What it seemed to re-enforce was how our drive to answer the philosophical questions created by the issues we wish to address can use various forms to achieve that common goal, however, those that are centered around the evaluation of how our therapeutic actions actually pan out versus how we think they pan out will help us gain the most useful knowledge as long as we are able to recognize the need for, and benefit of, changes that help our patients out the most.We wouldn’t be able to gain the ‘knowledge’ that specific actions and changes are therapeutically beneficial without understanding why we wanted to make changes in the first place, and generating multiple attempts at making those changes to see which ones actually accomplished the goal would seemingly allow us to have the best chance at achieving what we set out to.Evaluating the nursing interventions we utilize to affect our patients for the better is im portant, we all know that. Abbott (1988) pointed out that although nursing is capable of evaluating our interventions in practice, we do not tend to emphasize the importance of breaking down specific practical interventions in an abstract way that allows for our ability to link the interventions we utilize to the thought processes behind it while we are out practicing our craft.This I can personally relate to, when considering how the first couple years of my personal practice was spent learning how to simply accomplish the tasks I was presented with in the time frame I was to accomplish them in (assessment, documenting, intervening, documenting, evaluating, intervening, documenting, documenting, documenting†¦ugh). I knew that there was good reason behind the things I was doing; however, I was not keenly aware of the concepts and philosophies that comprised that reasoning, I was simply focused on completing my tasks in a timely, safe fashion.Reed (2006) promotes the idea that n urses tend not to have a full understanding of the ‘why’ we do the things we do, and went so far as to say that there might be a level of mysticism when it comes to the healing processes we are engaged in. That mysticism was essentially summed up by purporting that when we can’t put our finger on the ‘why’ we do what we do, we fall back on concepts like intuition and gut feelings. It’s not to say that we are incorrect in our intuitions, however, we don’t have a strong link to the rationale behind it all the time.This is where the concept of breaking down the ‘why’ we do what we do into more abstract, philosophical components can really benefit us, as we can extrapolate on the intuitions and gut feelings into philosophical questions and building blocks that theories can be generated from. When we utilize practice centered theories that arise from abstract, philosophical questions, the whole process of ‘nursing’ can be explained and evaluated with more ease, and the knowledge we generate could be seen as more credible.Just saying something is true because it is doesn’t have a whole lot of weight behind it; showing how the knowledge we reference as truth comes to be and having evidence that supports it with results that highlight it is, by and large, the best way that nursing knowledge can be produced in a fashion that holds credibility with those that aren’t of our discipline. We know how awesome we are, but it’s hard to prove it to others without a process that everyone can relate to; that all starts with philosophy.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Free Essays on The Big Odyseus

The tale begins on Mt. Olympus where Athena draws Zeus' attention to Odysseus whose journey has been halted on the island of Calypso. Zeus sends Hermes to have Odysseus released and Athena goes to Ithaca. In Ithaca she assumes a disguise and convinces Telemachus to go on a journey seeking news of his father. Telemachus calls an assembly announcing that the suitors who have besieged his house and have eaten his food for years are in the wrong. He goes to see Nestor at Pylos and Nestor does not know anything recent about his father. Nestor advises him to go to Sparta to see Menelaus. When he gets to Sparta, Menelaus tells him that the last thing he heard about Odysseus was that he was trapped on the island of Calypso. They feast together and talk into the night. Athena reminds Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso and he tells her that Odysseus may leave but under strict conditions: he has to build his own raft. Calypso isn't happy about the command and Odysseus has problems believing her. Once he has built his raft, she gives him food and sends him off. He sails for seventeen days and then his raft is destroyed by Poseidon. He is aided by a nymph and floats for two days to land. He is found by Nausikaa and told to go to the house of her father Alkinoos. Alkinoos hears part of his tale and secures passage for him back to Ithaca. There are athletic games and feasts at which a minstrel sings. The minstrel's songs make Odysseus cry and this makes Alcinoos even more curious about his situation. Alkinoos asks Odysseus if any of his relatives died at Troy and Odysseus begins his tale. He tells them how he left Troy and lost some men in a botched raiding party. Soon after this they came near the land of the Lotus eaters where some of his men were almost lost to the enchanting flower. Then came the island of the Cyclops. Odysseus led his men in to investigate and was trapped by Polyphemus, one of the Cyclop... Free Essays on The Big Odyseus Free Essays on The Big Odyseus The tale begins on Mt. Olympus where Athena draws Zeus' attention to Odysseus whose journey has been halted on the island of Calypso. Zeus sends Hermes to have Odysseus released and Athena goes to Ithaca. In Ithaca she assumes a disguise and convinces Telemachus to go on a journey seeking news of his father. Telemachus calls an assembly announcing that the suitors who have besieged his house and have eaten his food for years are in the wrong. He goes to see Nestor at Pylos and Nestor does not know anything recent about his father. Nestor advises him to go to Sparta to see Menelaus. When he gets to Sparta, Menelaus tells him that the last thing he heard about Odysseus was that he was trapped on the island of Calypso. They feast together and talk into the night. Athena reminds Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso and he tells her that Odysseus may leave but under strict conditions: he has to build his own raft. Calypso isn't happy about the command and Odysseus has problems believing her. Once he has built his raft, she gives him food and sends him off. He sails for seventeen days and then his raft is destroyed by Poseidon. He is aided by a nymph and floats for two days to land. He is found by Nausikaa and told to go to the house of her father Alkinoos. Alkinoos hears part of his tale and secures passage for him back to Ithaca. There are athletic games and feasts at which a minstrel sings. The minstrel's songs make Odysseus cry and this makes Alcinoos even more curious about his situation. Alkinoos asks Odysseus if any of his relatives died at Troy and Odysseus begins his tale. He tells them how he left Troy and lost some men in a botched raiding party. Soon after this they came near the land of the Lotus eaters where some of his men were almost lost to the enchanting flower. Then came the island of the Cyclops. Odysseus led his men in to investigate and was trapped by Polyphemus, one of the Cyclop...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Baroque Style essays

Baroque Style essays The Baroque Period The Baroque Art began in Italy between the sixteen hundreds and the seventeen hundreds. Classicism of the High Renaissance has been replenished during the Baroque period. During the Baroque period of art, the exploration of the fundamental Jan M. Masoncomponents of the human nature and the realm of senses and emotions were very crucial. The Baroque era was very vast and dynamic, radiant and colorful, dramatic and intense, passionate and ardent, and sensual and overpowered by emotions. The superficial form of light was fascinated during this period due to the thoughts of godlike sun or the truth of the Holy Spirit. The Baroque naturalism maintains the religious themes in content. The elements of perception in the Baroque art are how we perceived the natural human figures are in motion through space, time, and light. We present and analyze the extent of human actions and passions in all its degrees of lightness, darkness, and intensity. Architecture such as the palace of Versailles, and artists like Caravaggio, and Goya symbolize these ideas. The palace of Versailles is a grand building outside of Paris, which exhibits the characteristics of the Baroque style. It was elaborately decorated and the final product took 20 years to create. The fence is covered with a sheet of gold; every room is filled with intricate carvings and elegant figurines. Each room reflects a certain time or king by the change in furniture and style. These rooms demonstrate this with items such as back-less chairs, which were created to accommodate the clothes of the period. The materials used to create each piece also distinguish the time period. First generation furniture was made of sterling silver, and the upholstery was changed with the seasons. Second generation furniture was very elaborate and made of wood. Versailles is a perfect example of progression in Western art. The entire house displays the transition ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Police brutality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Police brutality - Research Paper Example brutality comes in the form of use of profane language, threats of violence, field searches, approaching an innocent citizen with a drawn firearm, and to the extreme, physical violence against victims (Champion 58). Although police brutality is a commonplace occurrence in the entire United States, it is worth noting that New Jersey and New York are particularly conspicuous with such acts due to their strategic importance (Holmes and Smith 87). In as much as the law allows the use of reasonable force by the police in apprehending suspects, the governments of New York and New Jersey should install the relevant surveillance systems to reduce the many incidences of police brutality Despite the fact that the law on procedures of apprehension is very clear, some police officers still prefer to use excessive and more often unreasonable force in dealing with suspects or innocent citizens (Holmes and Smith 87). The law protects all citizens, including suspects and the police officers have to comply with such laws in maintaining order within their areas of operation (Shedd 43). It means that officers who appear to have violated the fundamental rights of the citizens in the course of their duties should face the same law that is fair to all (Johnson 521). Under all circumstances and occasions, officers should conduct themselves with utmost decorum and professionalism because the use of any excessive force by such officers could turn detrimental (Champion 58). In most cases, police officers who engage in brutal acts against the citizens do so in groups or individually with the aim of intimidating their victims. In this respect, they use a number of methods to perpetrate inhumane acts on their victims, depending on the situation and the nature of the individual (Barak 71). Sometimes, such rogue officers can use profane language or abusive language towards their victims even if their victims are submissive to their demands. Additionally, police brutality can come in the form

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Public Health Law reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Health Law reform - Essay Example The proposed public laws are crafted to link various three aspects, duty, restraints and power, this are fundamentally missing in the current statutes necessitating the need for the revised form (Novick, Morrow, & Mays, 2008). On duty, the envisaged law compels the government to give priority to the well being of the citizens in promoting dissemination of health services in a non-discriminatory. Interestingly, the state government does not have any affirmative action in the implementation of the policies and this transcends to the judicial systems that lacks clear guidelines on how to apprehend violators of these statutes. These are some of the issues addressed in the new model of the laws. The government should also be given the powers to set the required standards of health and enforce these laws to avoid defaulters getting away with such offences. The regulations in this case rotate on issues like clean water, air and work places to mitigate on the spread of infectious diseases ( Novick, Morrow, & Mays, 2008). The new proposals also endeavor to check on the government involvement in the assessment of these acts such that possible unfair intrusions can be regulated. Even with the drafting of the new reforms, there has been no unanimous public agreement with the reforms and contentious issues are yet to be sort for its implementation (Novick, Morrow, & Mays,

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Dancom in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dancom in Russia - Essay Example If they had been equals, administration would not have been easy. MNCs carefully avoid behaving like overlords and expect cooperation from native workers. Western countries, who were impressively successful in imperialism, had been unable to attain same level of achievement here while dealing with cultural syndromes. The provided case study of Dancom operating from Russia is an eye-opener, a situation in crying need of cross-cultural management. Study gives importance to the Russian voices of dissent heard in a Danish company. Russian workers, especially middle managers, who are 'united against headquarters in Denmark,' do not feel loyal for their company belonging to Danes. Problem of languages, lack of frequent/meaningful communication, poor and misguided interpretation, and isolated decision making with very little trust on the integrity and cleverness of Russians are the issues nagging this company. Another complex question is of insiders and outsiders, hosting insiders and hosting outsiders. Looking from Danish angle as the company belonged to them, Russians are workers from another dense culture, that too, ex-communists. From Russian point of view, overbearing Danish company is operating from Russian soil, and this should make Russians main players. There is a major difference in planning between Danish (long term activity, hence, important) and Russians (a short immediate task, not much to be bothered about), while Russians feel that Danes should have more trust in the knowledge and experience of Russian middle managers. What brings the differences other than culture, language and working pattern and natural bias How to reduce cross-cultural conflicts It had been a major challenge to Dancom. Russians are more tuned to the 'one authority' ordering, being under Communist rule for decades and Danes, being capitalistic in their approach, are more decentralised in their handling, even though they depend mainly on themselves. Years of mutual mistrust and prejudice about the other's capability (mainly due to political propaganda fed during days of Cold War) cannot be wiped out at one go. It takes time to develop trust, respect and mutual understanding and such an effort could be made through cross-cultural management. As a solution, cross-cultural relationships should be trusted and developed. Communication and co-ordination have to be developed. It is imperative to find out how Russians perceive themselves and this might be the key to many stagnating questions. Lamenting on not having research results, Jonson and Cullen argue: "Research on trust and its role in exchange has proliferated since the 1990s. However despite the insights offered by scholars, we do not yet have a generalizable and comprehensive model of trust in exchange," Jonson and Cullen in Gannon (2002, p.335). They hope to have much more research on the dynamics of trust, culture's role in the bases and evolution of trust and on business ethics across cultures. There are issues which showcase Danish approach being different from

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

A Raisin in the Sun Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun Essay 1.When Asagai arrives at the apartment, how does his mood contract with Walter’s and Beneatha’s? He is very positive and is looking toward the future. Walter and Beneatha appear defeated. 2.How has the loss of the money changed Beneatha’s optimism? What does she tell Asagai? What is Asagai’s response? She has given up and admits defeat. She tells Asagai there is no hope and everything is over. Asagai is very critical of Beneatha’s feelings and tells her if she has dreams and wants a positive future, she needs to make it herself. He also asks her to go to Africa with him. 3.How does Asagai define idealists and realists? Which group does he prefer to be associated with? Idealists have dreams and go after them. Realists only see the circle of life and the things that are right in front of them. He would rather be an idealist. 4.What alternative view of the future does Asagai offer to put Beneatha’s depression in perspective? Go to Africa with him. 5.Asagai leaves and Walter comes into the living room. How does Beneatha attack Walter? What does Walter do? She attacks him by speaking down about who he is as a man. Walter ignores her and looks for something in the apartment. 6.How has Mama’s physical appearance changed? Why does Mama put her plant back on the windowsill? She is depressed and seems defeated. Mama puts her plant in the window because she feels as if she is going nowhere. 7.Who does Mama blame for the current situation, and how does she plan to deal with it? She blames herself for this because people have always accused her of dreaming too big. 8.Up until now, Ruth has been the practical one. How does she react to Mama’s new attitude? She tries to lift Lena’s spirits. She doesn’t know what to think or how to really handle Mama’s new attitude. 9.When Walter arrives back home, what does he say he has done? What does he plan to do? He has called Mr. Lindner, and the family is going to take the money that was offered to them. 10.Describe Walter’s new view of life as being divided between the â€Å"takers† and the â€Å"tooken.† He feels that life is full of takers and tooken. His family has been, he feels, has always been â€Å"tooken† From this point forward, they are going to be â€Å"takers.† 11.What does Mama mean when she tells Walter that if he takes Lindner’s money he will have nothing left inside? He will loose his dignity and pride of he takes the money. 12.Beneatha says Walter is no brother of hers. What lesson does Mama have to remind Beneatha about? Mama tells her she has no right to feel that way or say that about her brother. Regardless of what has happened, she has always taught Beneatha to love. 13.When Lindner arrives, why does Mama insist that Travis stay in the room? She wants him to learn from his father 14.What does Walter tell Lindner? Why? He talks to him about his father and how he worked all his life for others. He continues to tell Lindner that his family is not going to take his money because his father earned the house for the family. 15.Why does Lindner decide to appeal to Mama? What is her response? He appeals to her because he says she is older and wiser. He feels that she will bend to the demands of the neighborhood. 16.What is the importance of having Mama return to the empty apartment to grab her plant? That plant represents her dreams and the spirit of her family. Wherever she goes and the family goes, so does the plant. She isn’t one to walk out on her family or her dreams.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring

IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring in Private Cloud Vivekanand Adam Abstract—Cloud computing paradigm makes huge virtualized compute resources available to users as pay-as-you-go style. Resource monitoring is the premise of many major operations such as network analysis, management, job scheduling, load balancing, billing, event predicting, fault detecting, and fault recovery in Cloud computing. Cloud computing is more complicated than ordinary network owing to its heterogeneous and dynamic characteristics. Hence, it is a vital part of the Cloud computing system to monitor the existence and characteristics of resources, services, computations, and other entities. Monitoring data between hosts and servers should be consistent, and data transfer from hosts to servers should be efficient. In this paper, I will use an effective mechanism for resource monitoring called IntelliP which is based on a modified push model. It reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers in CloudStack. Keywords—Cloud computing, Monitoring, self-adaptive, coherency, CloudStack, IntelliP. I. Introduction Cloud computing has rapidly emerged as a method for service delivery over TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. It disrupts the traditional IT computing environment by providing organizations with an option to outsource the hosting and operations of their mission-critical business applications. Cloud computing paradigm makes huge virtualized compute resources available to users as pay-as-you-go style. Resource monitoring is the premise of many major operations such as network analysis, management, job scheduling, load balancing, billing, event predicting, fault detecting, and fault recovery in Cloud computing. Cloud computing is more complicated than ordinary network owing to its heterogeneous and dynamic characteristics. Hence, it is a vital part of the Cloud computing system to monitor the existence and characteristics of resources, services, computations, and other entities. Apache CloudStack [1] is one of the most popular open source IaaS solutions. CloudStack is the best choice of all open source clouds to migrate the services and integrated the maximum security level in its architecture [2]. In IaaS Cloud environments, two aspects should be considered: 1. IaaS hardware and software: In Cloud environment, there are various kinds of hardware and software, including physical hosts, network devices, storage devices and databases. Monitoring system should obtain the performance data of these hardware and software, and report the real-time running status. 2. The Cloud user’s resources: Everything the user has in the Cloud. These are instances, disk volumes, guest networks, templates, ISOs, etc. For all these components, the Cloud user needs clear and reliable knowledge of their status. My goal is to develop an effective monitoring system for CloudStack which will use an effective mechanism for resource monitoring called IntelliP which is based on a modified push model and it reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. The monitoring system can collect utilization information from both physical and virtual resources. The monitoring metrics should be accurate, i.e. they are as close as possible to the real value to be measured. This can help the administrators know the status of Cloud system, and give end users a clear view of their resources in Cloud. II. Background This existing monitoring system named SCM is proposed to monitoring the Apache CloudStack platform [3]. SCM is a flexible monitoring system supporting for cloud environments, which can monitor both physical and virtual resources. SCM users can choose their interested metrics and set a custom interval. In order to meet these requirements, SCM needs a well-designed user interface, and flexible, dynamic data sources. In Clouds, monitoring metrics are also important to the billing systems, job scheduling and other Cloud components. Because of the characteristics of Cloud environment, the monitoring metrics will be dynamically changed and the volume of data may become very large, a scalable and high performance storage system is needed. The SCM monitoring system has four main functionalities, which are metric collection, information processing and storage, metric display, alert. The architecture of the SCM monitoring system is shown figure 1. Collectors In Apache CloudStack environment, the hosts have different meanings [1]. These hosts may be physical or virtual, customer instances or system virtual machines, so the metrics need to be collected vary with the host’s type. In the SCM monitoring system, they use collectors as the data sources which are deployed on each host. These collectors can easily be configured to collect different metrics. In fact, the collector Figure1. The architecture of the SCM monitoring offers a framework, in which users can develop their own programs to collect metrics they interested in. The collector periodically retrieves performance metric values from the host, e.g. cpu usage, memory usage, disk I/O. When the host becomes management server or storage server, the performance metrics of MySQL, tomcat, NFS and other CloudStack components are also collected. As mentioned above, CloudStack has different network traffics on a host, some of traffics do not to need be monitored. The collector monitors the public and storage traffics. The collector also monitors the network devices through SNMP. These metric values are then pushed to SCM Server. The SCM server The SCM server is the core of the SCM monitoring system. There are five main modules of the SCM server. Host aggregator is used to aggregate the metric values from the collectors. A host aggregator may receive metric values from a lot of collectors. Apache CloudStack provides an API that gives programmatic access to all the management features. They designed the platform aggregator to communicate with ACS management servers and call the ACS API through HTTP to get the CloudStack related information, such as the version of CloudStack and how many zones, pods, clusters and hosts in the current environment, etc. After a pre-set time, the aggregators send the metrics to the storage module. The storage module is used to communicate with the storage system, putting the metric values into the storage system or getting values from it. The storage module receives the metrics from the aggregators and stores all these data locally, when the metrics file is large enough, it puts the metrics into the storage system. This can reduce the I/O operations on the storage system. The statistics module is a data processing module. It analyses the metric values from the storage module and provides the average, minimal, maximum, performance outliers, etc. To improve the availability of the ACS, abnormal running information should be reported to the Cloud users immediately. The alert module obtains exceptions from statistics and records the information, and then notifies the Cloud user. If the ACS scale is large, there are hundreds or thousands of hosts, multiple SCM Servers may be needed for load balance. The SCM Client The metric values are organized as a tuple (metric name, timestamp, value, tags), these tuple are not friendly to the Cloud users. So just collecting various resource utilizations information is not enough to explain the observed performance of hosts or applications. In order to let the Cloud users easily to understand the meaning of these metric values, it is very important to display information in a simple and flexible way. The SCM Client gives an overview of the whole system, and displays the metric values in time series graphs with several filters, which is used to help the Cloud users quickly find the minimal or maximal of the current metric value or calculate the average performance in a period of time. Also the Cloud users can customize the graphs by selecting the metric names and tags in tuples. Then only the interested metric values will be displayed in the user interface. Storage system The metric values need to be stored persistently for analysis as well as displayed on the fly. Resources in the Cloud change dynamically and the deployment of the Cloud is large. Monitoring such distributed system may produce a large amount of metric values. So the storage system should be scalable and flexible, with the ability to collect many thousands of metrics from thousands of hosts and applications at a high rate. Above system uses pure push model for data collection [3], hosts initiatively send running status (CPU, memory, I/O, etc.) to a monitoring server. This model has better real-time, and makes the monitoring data between hosts and servers higher in coherency, but lower in efficiency. Usually, the push model is triggered by a time interval or exceeding a threshold. The value of time interval and threshold is important to this model. If the value is too small, even a little change on hosts may make the status information deliver to monitoring servers over a network. This may cause network congestion. If the value is too big, a lot of useful information may be ignored. It consist useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. A pure Push or Pull model is not suited for many different kinds of virtualized resources III. Related work In Clouds, resource monitoring is the premise of job scheduling, load balancing, billing and many other major operations. Therefore, data coherency and real-time are important indicators for a monitoring system of Clouds. Elastic compute is one of the main characters of Clouds, resources in Clouds change dynamically. So the monitoring system should adapt to this kind of situation. To solve the above problem He Huang and Liqiang Wang proposed a combined push and pull model called PP model for resource monitoring in Cloud computing environment [4]. The PP model inherits the advantages of Push and Pull models. It can intelligently switch between Push and Pull models depending on the resource status and external customer request. But the combination of the push model and pull model is more complex to the pure push model and pull model. When there are a large number of requests, event driven method will increase the load on the monitoring servers, and the servers will become the bottleneck. The switch between push and pull has some extra costs [4] and it consist useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. In an attempt to minimize unnecessary and useless updating massages, and maximize the consistency between the producer and consumer. Wu-Chun Chung and Ruay-Shiung Chang [5] have proposed GRIR (Grid Resource Information Retrieval), which is considered a new algorithm for resource monitoring in grid computing to improve Push model. They examined a set of data delivery protocols for resource monitoring in the push-based model, such as the OSM (OffsetSensitive Mechanism) protocol, the TSM (Time-Sensitive Mechanism) protocol, and the hybrid ACTC (Announcing with Change and Time Consideration) protocol. This hybrid protocol is based on a dynamically adjusted update time interval and the consideration for early update when the change is larger than a dynamic threshold. IV. Proposed solution We can use a self-adaptive mechanism for resource monitoring in Cloud computing environment based on push model. As mentioned earlier, push model has better coherency, but lower efficiency in small threshold situation. We can set up a transportation window to store metrics before they are delivered to the monitoring server. We can design an algorithm to control data delivery. The design of the Self adaptive Push Model Monitoring data between hosts and servers should be consistent, and data transfer from hosts to servers should be efficient. In this section, I introduce a self-adaptive push model called IntelliP, which is based on a modified push model. It reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. IntelliP has a transportation window, as shown in following figure 2. Figure 2: A push model with transportation window. When collectors get metrics from adapters on hosts, instead of delivering these data to servers immediately, they put these metrics into the transportation window. The window accepts a new metric and then compares it with the average value of the former metrics. (1) If diff is smaller than the current threshold, collectors put the metric into the window and keep accepting new data, otherwise, deliver the metric to monitoring server and empty the window. When the window is full deliver the average value of the metrics in the window to monitoring servers. The size of transportation window is not fixed, in order to adapt to the dynamically changing situation of Clouds the window size changes too. Small size means that resources change frequently, and large size hosts are running in a stable status. When the window is full, that means in the past periods of time, hosts were running in a stable status, and the next few periods may still in this status, so the size of window adds one. If diff is bigger than the threshold, it shows that CPU usage, Memory, I/O throughput or other resources of a host changed suddenly. This may indicate that the host becomes active. An IntelliP data delivery control algorithm At this moment, the window size reduces to half of the original size, so more metrics will be delivered to monitoring servers. In push model, the value of threshold is very important. IntelliP decides the size of threshold according to two parameters ÃŽ ± and  µ. Α ÃŽ ± has a close relationship with the current network condition. If current network condition is good, ÃŽ ± is small, more metrics would be delivered. While current network condition is poor, the value of ÃŽ ± increased, less metrics would be on the network. When the network condition is in an ideal status, the value of ÃŽ ± is 1. Another parameter is a constant value set by users. Users can customize the size of  µ according to their requirement. We use m_average as the average value of metrics in window, and define threshold as; threshold= ÃŽ ± Ãâ€"  µ Ãâ€" m (2) One problem is that if the host was running smoothly for a long time and resources usage on this host did not change a lot, then the size of window will be very large. This will lost a lot of metrics. We set an upper limit of window size to solve this problem, when the window size increases to the maximum limit, then the size would not increase any more. . V. conclusion and future work In Clouds, resource monitoring is the premise of job scheduling, load balancing, billing and many other major operations. Therefore, data coherency and real-time are important indicators for a monitoring system of Clouds. Elastic compute is one of the main characters of Clouds, resources in Clouds change dynamically. Using a self-adaptive push model called IntelliP, which is based on a modified push model we can build an effective cloud monitoring system which will reduces network congestion and also reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers in CloudStack. In future I will try to improve data delivery control algorithm for increasing effectiveness and adaptive nature of monitoring system, which will be available for all. References Apache Project, Apache CloudStack, 2013 [online] http://cloudstack.apache.org Sasko Ristov and Marjan Gusev, â€Å"Security Evaluation of Open Source Clouds† EuroCon 2013, 1-4 July 2013, Zagreb, Croatia. Lin Kai; Tong Weiqin; Zhang Liping; Hu Chao, SCM: A Design and Implementation of Monitoring System for CloudStack, Cloud and Service Computing (CSC), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.146,151, 4-6 Nov. 2013. He Huang and Liqiang Wang, PP: a Combined Push-Pull Model for Resource Monitoring in Cloud Computing Environment 2010 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing. W. Chung, R. Chang (2009), A New Mechanism For Resource Monitoring in Grid Computing, Future Generation Computer Systems FGCS 25, PP 1-7.

Friday, October 25, 2019

World War Two and Its Impact on the Role of American Women in Society E

World War Two and Its Impact on the Role of American Women in Society World War II is an event that has marked history like no other. Originating from a European struggle, war broke out in 1939 and continued for six years. From the years 1939 through 1945 more than half the earth's surface was battling in war. American society was greatly affected. People of every age, race and class were deeply affected. Women's place in society took a leap forward like it never had before. As an effect of the second world war women's traditional roles in society were drastically altered. The 1940's brought innovative opportunities along with hardships to American society. After the Depression it looked as though there was no hope for the traditional role of women to be changing. Women had very few job opportunities, especially married women. In William Henry Chafe's book The American Woman, he explains: Legislative bodies enacted laws restricting the employment of married women. Labor, government, and the mass media all joined in a campaign urging females to refrain from taking jobs. And the overwhelming majority of average citizens--including women--showed little interest in modifying the existing distribution of sexual roles. (Chafe 135) The role of women in society was unchanging. It was quite remarkable how stable their role remained for so long (135). While still recovering from the Depression, Europe managed to mark the beginning of the biggest war in history. They first took over Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. And after Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese, the United States entered the war. The main transformation World War II made for women in American society was there were man... ...o work, keeping the economy going while the men were fighting the war. Other women joined the army and navy out in combat. Organizations that are still present to this day were founded, such as the American Red Cross Association, the Women's Army Corps (WAC), the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), and the Army Nurse Corps. Overall, World War II changed the role of American women for the better. It marked the beginning of an ongoing advancement of women's economic position in American society. Works Cited Brokaw, Tom.  The Greatest Generation.  New York: Random House, 2004. Print. Chafe, William H. The American Woman; Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920- 1970. New York: Oxford UP, 1972. Print. Daniel, Robert L.  American Women in the 20th Century. The Festival of Life. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Should the Engineers Apply ‘Rhetoric Strategy’ to Popularized Technology?

Should the engineers apply ‘rhetoric strategy’ to popularized technology? Abstract Nowadays, it is common for engineers to overpromise or exaggerate the technology’s advantages while neglecting its potential disadvantages in order to get more attention and investment, which is actually a form of ‘rhetoric strategy’. In this paper, the notion of ‘rhetoric’ in term of technical field will be briefly defined, including the definition, the applying stages and connection with ethic issues. To develop the arguments, a case study of the development of solar co.uk/network-engineer/">energy technology will be drawn upon.Afterwards, the ethical cycle will be used to analyze its potential ethical problem. Last but not least, the conclusion will be given. 1. Definition of Rhetoric The best known definition of ‘rhetoric’ comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it â€Å"the faculty of obs erving in any given cases the available means of persuasion† [5]. Generally, rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations [4].Two decades ago in UK, the notion of strategic science and technology emerged [1]. It is a different kind of research located in different way from traditional science and technology. Expectations and promises are investigated in strategic science instead of actually achieved understanding or immediate application. In this way, the rise of strategic science has created a ‘space’ in which promises can be floated, which is generally for whoever is willing to listen and specifically directed toward sponsors of R&D who have an interest in the promising areas of science.Such space is call ‘rhetorical space’, which voices promises about new technology, gets a hearing and mobilizes audiences . The rhetoric could increase the technology’s popularity and help R&D to attract not only capital investment, but also policy support, because sometimes government agencies are even eager to fill their portfolios with attractive-sounding R&D programs. 2. Stages of applying rhetoric To develop a new technology with rhetoric strategy, a spokesman (lobbyist), argumentation (statements in texts), and audience (creating presentations /brochures) are needed. 1.Firstly, to come clear the technology, definition of the umbrella term is introduced by engineers to the public. Now a technology in the rhetorical space can be defined in a single definition, it is possible to make an index of the technology development over time. 2. Secondly, to attract public attention, relevant articles with the topics (argumentation) of this technology is published to make the technology popular. Behind these articles are authors who try to convince readership. they are spokesman or promise cham pions, who speak for a technology rather than for an organization or own interest. . Thirdly, audience is another important pillar needed in the rhetorical space. To raise an audience, presentations are created. 4. Last but not least, to Interest the industry, public lecture is conducted by government or association of engineers. Because of such promotion, more industries will show interest in this technology. 3. Nexus connects Rhetoric to Ethics Issues As rhetoric is treated as the art in discourse, rhetoric is treated as the strategic science, in terms of technology.It is increasingly prevalent for engineers to apply rhetoric to introduce, describe and popularize the technology. At first glance, engineers just serve their technological enthusiasm, the ideal of wanting to develop new technological possibilities and taking up technological challenges, rather than their personal or others’ interests. It is reasonable and nature to exaggerate the bright side or use the euphuism to describe their technologies for engineers. Since technologies consist of engineers’ beliefs, values and desire to change the world.Based on Kant’s theory, the universal law would be read as follows: â€Å"Engineers can use the rhetoric to introduce, describe or popularize what they believe. † It is quite acceptable that people can picture the promising future of what they believe. Therefore this behavior is morally correct. However, the consequences of applying rhetoric seem quite unpredictable. We will introduce the case study of solar technology at next chapter as an example to demonstrate that, although the rise of solar technology is based on the good will of and technological enthusiasm of engineers and it riggers thousands of breakthrough in sustainable energy technology, there are some certain influence and relevant consequences neglected by society. 4. Case Study—Solar Energy Because of the energy crisis and environmental issue, the early deve lopment of solar technology started in 1860s [2]. Simultaneously, the rhetoric was used to increase its popularity. In the following century, solar energy technology was promoted by being positioned as renewable, sustainable, and eco-friendly technology to mankind, relatively well spread over the global.Besides, it was argued that the operating and financial attributes of solar energy technology including modularity, flexibility and low operating costs would be considerably superior to those for traditional fossil based technologies, which included large capital investments, long implementation lead times, operating cost uncertainties and regarding future fuel costs [2]. It was described as the ideal substitutes for existing technologies. Figure 1 solar panels Due to the successful rhetorical strategy, large quantities of companies got involved in this field.Some business realized that renewable energy would be profitable to invest in. Other business realized that getting involved i n solar energy technology would not only make money, but also benefit from the ethical way their business may be judged. They could win good reputation to create a loyal customer base by appearing to be ethic. Besides, governments provide state subsidies to support the development of solar energy in order to solve the environmental issue and energy crisis in the future. All of these actions push forward the development of this green technology to the climax.Thus, the rhetoric provide has provided solar energy plenty of capital investment as well as policy support. However, the disadvantages of solar energy were neglected in the early phase of development. It isn’t always as reliable as other forms of power and tends to be expensive to install and maintain, because the devices rely on a steady supply of sunlight to generate power. The equipment is not that efficient, typically converting just 10% to 18% of the sun’s energy into electricity [3]. On top of the price of pa nels themselves, the cost of installing them varies greatly by location and climate.By most estimates, it takes at least six years for the initial costs to be repaid in saving from power generation under the best circumstances, and double that time under less ideal conditions [3]. Besides, the batteries and safety serve as potential problems. Since it is impossible to generate solar power 24 hours a day, batteries are needed for most systems to store excess power for use at night and rainy days. Unfortunately, these batteries can be expensive and have a shorter lifespan than solar panels. The solar energy technology cannot perform as well as promised.In early 20th century, the solar markets tended to be saturated on account that the market was not as big as expected. Many companies getting involved in went bankruptcy. The development of the green technology slowed down, and even stagnated. Many countries (including Germany, Spain, UK, China, etc. ) successively declared that the sub sidies for solar energy will be cut down in order to control the overinvestment in this field. Many graduates majoring in solar energy lose their job because of the recession.Besides, the resources and funds of the whole society are limited, other substitutes like nuclear energy lose opportunities to be invested and developed when people’s attentions were all attracted by solar energy. Such unbalanced resource allocation caused by ‘rhetorical strategy’ restrained the fair competition among alternative technologies. The real promising technology can hardly stand out or even be crowded out if the rhetorical strategy has been utilized by other competitors. 5. Methodology Moral problem-solving is a messy and complex process.A systematic approach might even be required to avoid the reduction of moral judgment to mere gut-feeling without any attempt to understand the moral problems or to justify one’s actions. The ethical cycle is a helpful tool in structuring a nd improving moral decisions, trying to avoid certain shortcuts such as neglecting certain relevant features of problem [6]. Figure 2 The ethical cycle Phase1. Moral problem statement The problem is that engineers popularize their technology, using rhetorical methods is morally acceptable or not.It is obviously that engineers are the decision-makers and the moral nature of the problem is engineers might be misled by their emotions: their enthusiasm about a technology can lead them to overlook certain risks. All involved parties might be biased, and their emotions might reinforce those biases. Sunstein calls this ‘probability neglect’ and argues that emotions are especially prone to let laypeople neglect probabilities [7]. Phase2. Problem analysis Shareholders and their interests: Shareholders| Description| Interests|Engineers| Use rhetorical methods to introduce or propagate their own technology to audiences| popularize technology, attract investment andvalue by society | Audiences| Listen to the speech of promising champions and convince by engineers| transform the promising technology into social reality and take first move| Promising champions| Serve technology interest rather than every one’s interest and highly believe in the future of the technology| attract audiences’ attentions and promise the future of technology| Counterparts| Work in the same field of the rhetorical engineers and popularize their technologies based on empirical facts| Popularize technology without applying extra strategic science| Relevant, uncertain and possible missing facts: Engineers use rhetoric to popularize technology should take the active responsibility before something has happened. They should act in such a way that undesired consequences are avoided as much as possible. However the consequences are always neglected by engineers based on their personal emotion. The consequences are not always harmless.The indirect harm to counterparts, audiences and followers should take into account. Besides the uncertainty or disadvantages should be mentioned rather than neglected. Phase3. Options for actions Black-and-white strategy: Using rhetoric to popularize technology or popularizing technology based on empirical facts. Cooperation strategy: Applying rhetoric on some extents to popularize technology. Using rhetoric to describe or introduce technology, after considering the possible uncertainty and take every relevant shareholders into account. Furthermore, engineers should strike a balance between exaggerating the advantages and covering the disadvantages. Phase4. Ethical evaluation Formal moral frameworks: UtilitarianismCost| Benefit| The other promising technologies have been ignored and marginalization. | The particular technology attracts a lot of investment and attention. | The idea of creativity is restricted in this field. | Scientists and engineers operate a lot of research in this technology. | The technology has been prove d fail and lost a lot of time, capital and resource| The technology has been proved successful and promotes the welfare of society| Overinvestment can lead to a disaster| Investing in promising technology can lead to amazing profit| Promising technology has influenced youngsters career choices| Creating new direction for teenagers. |Informal moral frameworks: Intuitive framework In our opinions, the most acceptable and formulate argument should be that engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. Phase5. Reflection Criticism of utilitarianism: The consequences cannot be foreseen objectively and often are unpredictable, unknown or uncertain. Next to this there is the problem of distribution justice. Distribution justice refers to the value of having a just distribution of certain important goods, like income, happiness and career. Answer the questions for reflection:The ethica l theory did not quantitative give answers to the result. However the cost applies for all potential technology and the benefit comes from on particular kind of technology, which means egoistic. So on this aspect, the ethical framework provide reasons that support our intuitive opinion- engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. Phase6. Moral acceptable action engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. 6. Conclusion This paper discussed the ‘rhetoric’ used in scientific field.The seeming advantages of rhetoric strategy will undoubtedly attract large quantity of investment and public attention, leading to further development of the technology. However, the potential ethical problems can be serious and cannot be neglected. Due to the case study and ethic al cycle analysis, our view is that the engineers should popularize their technologies based on facts rather than rhetorical strategy, so that the real promising technology can stand out. Reference [1]. H. Van Lente& A. Rip (1998). The rise of membrane technology: From rhetorical space to social reality. Social Studies of science 28(2) 221-254 [2]. Cedric Philibert. THE PRESENT AND FUTURE USE OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AS A PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY. The InterAcademy Council. [3].What Are the Disadvantages of Solar Power? http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-solar-power. htm [4]. Corbett, E. P. J. (1990). Classical rhetoric for the modern student. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1. Young, R. E. , Becker, A. L. , & Pike, K. L. (1970). [5]. Aristotle. Rhetoric. (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). I:4:1359 http://rhetoric. eserver. org/aristotle/rhet1-4. html [6]. Ibo van de Poel and Lamber Royakkers. Ethics, Technology and Engineering. WILEY-BLACKWELL [7]. Sabine Ro eser. The role of emotions in judging the moral acceptability of risks. Philosophy Department, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology